In the book The Big Nine, Amy Webb lists three forms of Artificial Intelligence:
(1) Artificial Narrow Intelligence (p. 53)
(2) Artificial General Intelligence (p. 53)
(3) Artificial Super Intelligence (p. 143)
While Webb provides the three categories of AI above, there are other categories used to classify artificial intelligence. Here are three common terms used interchangably with artificial intelligence:
1). Expert Systems (Webb’s Artificial Narrow Intelligence Big9 p. 53)
2). Machine Learning
3). Artificial Intelligence (AI)
All of these different and overlapping terms for Artificial Intelligence creates lots of confusion! Let’s attempt to identify the similarities and differences between these terms.
This blog post is still in a very rough draft format. The greatest value to this blog post are the embedded web links to other web pages. Click on all of these links and check out the pages. All of these links are very insightful. We will clean up this blog post over time and after we can more feedback on the pros and cons of this post.
Now, let’s start examining these different terms associated with AI:
Expert Systems can be associated with Artificial “Narrow” Intelligence. Expert Systems are designed for a very specific and targeted AI applications in a specific field such as medicine, finance, law or cyber-security. The terms Machine Learning and the term Artificial Intelligence itself are more general and broadly used terms. While we are introducing the term “machine learning” in this blog post, discussing the specifics on the difference between “machine learning” and “artificial intelligence” is a subject for another blog post. For now, note that there are overlaps between the classifications of “machine learning” and “artificial intelligence”.
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Expert Systems (Artificial Narrow Intelligence) Defined
Click the following link to read an excellent article on Expert Systems
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/expert-system
This opening statement of the link above states: ” An expert system is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to simulate the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field. “
Now a Discussion on the More Broad Classifications of “Machine Learning” and “Artificial Intelligence”
Here is a good article on explaining what AI and Machine Learning is:
https://itif.org/publications/2018/09/04/itif-technology-explainer-what-artificial-intelligence
To summarize, Machine Learning and AI systems look for patterns and subsequently perform pattern matching.
Two incredible examples of AI systems in use today are:
(1) IBM Watson and It’s AI based Natural Language Processing System
https://www.ibm.com/watson/services/natural-language-understanding/
IBM offers developers to build their own Watson platform:
In this article, IBM states that the “Unstructured Information Management Architecture” is the keystone of IBM Watson.
(2) Google’s “Simple to the End User” But Behind the Scenes AMAZING AI Offerings
1). The Google search engine allows users to enter in a search string and Google anticipates and specific search options. The exact same AI feature is used when you are searching for a specific video in YouTube.
2). In Google GMAIL, Google will anticipate how you want to complete a sentence. Personally, I find this annoying and troubling. This feature can dumb down the writing skills of people drafting an e-mail.
3). In translate.google.com, Google AI translates sentences in one language to another language. Amazing! Remember translate.google.com is a “free to the world” on-line artificial intelligence application.
4). Google’s behind the scenes AI algorithms that rank and list companies that pay Google a premium as a result of a Google search.
5). Google purchased a company called DeepMind in 2014. With its DeepMind team, Google has developed AI software known as AlphaZero that can defeat chess masters in chess as well as the best human players in the world in other games such as shogi and Go. An OpenSource version of chess playing software is stockfish. Stockfish can also beat the best chess players in the world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepMind
https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphazero-shedding-new-light-grand-games-chess-shogi-and-go
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)
6). Google is combining AI with Robotics: Check out Google’s Boston Dynamics
7). Google is a leader in the developer of TensorFlow, an AI/Machine Learning software library
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow
Apple Siri and Amazon Alexa Voice Recognition AI Systems
Both of these systems interpret voice input to provide a range of voice responses about weather, e-mail retrieval, control household appliances such as lights, etc.
Alexa goes one step further; like a Google Assistant, Alexa takes voice input and can supply a “paid Amazon supplier” based upon the amount of money paid by the Amazon supplier. For example, if one asked, “Hey Alexa, where can I buy pizza?” Alexa will: (1) translate the voice question (an amazing AI feat by itself) and then select the closest pizza shop that is also an Amazon Alexa supplier. This is a major revenue stream for Amazon and an important use case of AI by Amazon.
Mediocre to Outright Bad AI Systems: ATT and Verizon Automated Directory Services
Most major phone system Automated Directory Services offer poor services. Simply call directory assistance for ATT and Verizon and ask for a phone number. Very likely, the system will first ask you lots of annoying voice prompted questions, require you to repeat your answer several times because the system could not understand you, and after all of this hassle and wasted time, the system will get so confused that it will ultimately be unable to supply you with the desired number. A COMPLETELY FRUSTRATING EXPERIENCE! It is so frustrating, you hang up with the Verizon and ATT automated directory service and go to Google and search for the phone number via Google search. Google AI wins! Verizon and ATT AI loses.
The Amazing Amazon Web Services (AWS) AI Tool Kit
AWS Facial Recognition Tools
https://aws.amazon.com/rekognition/the-facts-on-facial-recognition-with-artificial-intelligence/
Trends Around World with AI and Facial Recognition
Check out this amazing high resolution photograph of a Chinese street with “big pixel” technology. Zoom in and you will see a man on a bicycle. The zoom-in capability of this photography is amazing. Imagine it being combined with AI-based facial recognition.
Japan will use facial recognition technology + AI for security in the 2020 Olympics to be held in Japan
Open Source Natural Language Processing Initiatives
The Apache OpenNLP library is a machine learning based toolkit for the processing of natural language text.
